Kidney stones

• Highlights
• Introduction
• Causes
• Risk Factors
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Medications
• Other Treatments
• Complications
• Prevention
• Resources
• References

• Patients who have the most common type of gastric bypass surgery, the Roux-en-Y, are at increased risk for kidney stones, beginning 6 months after surgery, according to a study published in 2006.

• Calcium stones form when there is an imbalance in the urine substances that promote and block the formation of stones. Often, the cause of this imbalance is unknown.
• Having acidic urine or too much uric acid in the body leads to the formation of uric acid stones.
• Struvite stones are almost always caused by urinary tract infections due to bacteria that produce certain enzymes.
• Other stones, including cystine and xanthine stones, are usually due to genetic abnormalities.

• In about 85% of patients, the kidney stones are small enough that they pass through normal urination, usually within 2 - 3 days.
• Certain medications can prevent recurrence of stones in people who are at high risk.
• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a technique that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to break up simple stones in the kidney or upper urinary tract. The shock waves are delivered from outside the body.
• Surgery may be necessary if the stone or stones are too big to pass, and cannot be broken down through ESWL.
• A change of diet and increased drinking of fluids, especially water, will help prevent a recurrence.

Foot pain

• Highlights
• Introduction
• Causes
• Risk Factors
• Treatment: Corns and Callus...
• Treatment: Bunions
• Treatment: Hammertoes
• Treatment: Ingrown Toenails...
• Treatment: Forefoot Pain...
• Treatment: Heel Pain
• Treatment: Flat Feet
• Treatment: Abnormally High ...
• Treatment: Tarsal Tunnel Sy...
• Treatment: Foot Injury
• Prevention
• Shoes
• Insoles and Orthotics
• Resources
• References

• Orthonyxia, a surgical technique that implants a small metal brace into the top of the nail, was as effective as traditional surgical techniques for preventing ingrown toenail from recurring, according to one study.
• A nonsurgical method for treating ingrown toenail with chemicals uses either sodium hydroxide or phenol, but one study shows that sodium hydroxide procedures have a better outcome and faster recovery than phenol procedures.

• Ultrasound-guided injection of alcohol might provide relief from Morton's neuroma, according to one study. Symptoms improved in 94% of patients who had the treatment, a success rate comparable to that of surgery.

• NSAIDs reduce pain and disability in people with plantar fasciitis when used with other techniques, such as night splints and stretching.
• Studies show that extracorporeal shockwave therapy provides a very small reduction in heel pain without side effects. It may be a good option for patients who haven't responded well to conservative treatment.

• An estimated 120,000 job-related foot injuries occur every year, about a third of them involving the toes. - 0 Comments
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Kidney stones

• Definition
• Alternative Names
• Causes, incidence, and risk factors
• Symptoms
• Signs and tests
• Treatment
• Expectations (prognosis)
• Complications
• Calling your health care provider
• Prevention